In 2021, the top 10 Transportation software vendors accounted for nearly 46.4% of the global Transportation applications market which declined 12.5% to approach nearly $13.6 billion in license, maintenance, and subscription revenues.
Last year Microsoft was the market leader with a 16.8% market share in license, maintenance and subscription revenues, followed by Salesforce, SAP, Adobe, and Amadeus.
We ask the simple question: Who’s buying Transportation applications from whom and why? And we provide the answers – supported by decades of research – to our clients around the world. (Sample from our Apps Database)
Through our forecast period, the Transportation applications market size is expected to reach $14.3 billion by 2026, compared with $13.6 billion in 2021 at a compound annual rate of 3.4%.
| Exhibit 2: Worldwide Transportation Software Market 2021-2026 Forecast, $M | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| Year | 2021 | 2026 | 2021-2026 CAGR, % |
| Total | 13650 | 14327 | 3.4% |
Source: Apps Run The World, December 2021
Top 10 Transportation Software vendors
Transportation (Operation of means of moving freight and passengers) – Cargo Management, Airport Management System, Scheduling, Intelligent Transportation, Fare Collection, Ferry reservation systems, Fleet management, Financials, HR, Procurement
Airlines, cruise operators and rails will continue to invest heavily in Customer Experience apps, while a new generation of mobile devices and sensors could remake the trucking vertical, especially in such areas of fleet management, scheduling and environmental health and safety.
Here are the rankings of the top 10 Transportation software vendors in 2021 and their market shares.
| Rank | Vendor | 2020 Transportation Apps Revenues, $M | 2021 Transportation Apps Revenues, $M | YoY Growth | 2021 Transportation Market Share, % | Recent Developments |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Microsoft | Subscribe | Subscribe | 8.9% | Subscribe | In January 2022, FedEx Corp and Microsoft announced the next solution as part of their multiyear collaboration to transform commerce, supply chains, and logistics. FedEx and Microsoft will bring together FedEx network intelligence with capabilities from Microsoft Dynamics 365 to introduce a cross-platform “logistics as a service” for retailers, merchants, and brands. |
| 2 | Salesforce.com | Subscribe | Subscribe | 17.7% | Subscribe | In the first half of 2020, Salesforce Labs-a program that lets Salesforce employees share solutions they’ve creates launched the Supplyforce Bot on Salesforce AppExchange.The solution is designed to help transportation and logistics companies provide their transportation workers with assistance in real-time and more effectively communicate their status. |
| 3 | SAP | Subscribe | Subscribe | 2.2% | Subscribe | The SAP Transportation Management application supports customers across all major industries, with a focus on consumer products, agriculture, mining, construction, chemical and retail. The application helps customers dramatically reduce transportation complexity by integrating fleet and logistics management throughout their network. |
| 4 | Adobe | Subscribe | Subscribe | 15.4% | Subscribe | Adobe Sensei, Adobe’s AI and machine learning (ML) technology, powers intelligent services that can easily be applied across the organization to deliver great customer experiences. Today, over 80% of Adobe Experience Cloud customers are relying on Adobe Sensei to drive their digital modernization including: NVIDIA, Esri, Pitney Bowes, Under Armour, and others. |
| 5 | Amadeus | Subscribe | Subscribe | 20.4% | Subscribe | In March 2022, Amadeus acquired Kambr, a three-year-old startup based in Minnesota which specializes in providing revenue management solutions for airlines, to expand its revenue management. |
| 6 | Oracle | Subscribe | Subscribe | 4.8% | Subscribe | At the beginning of 2022, Oracle introduced new logistics management capabilities within Oracle Fusion Cloud Supply Chain & Manufacturing. The updates to Oracle Fusion Cloud Transportation Management and Oracle Fusion Cloud Global Trade Management can help organizations reduce costs and risk, improve customer experience, and become more adaptable to business disruptions. |
| 7 | SITA | Subscribe | Subscribe | 12.0% | Subscribe | In July 2022, SITA launched SITA eVisa and SITA Electronic Travel Authorization to meet the rapidly growing demand from governments for digital visa systems to stimulate national economies after COVID-19, strengthen security and improve the travel experience. SITA has deployed border management solutions for over 25 years to support cross-border mobility while safeguarding borders, helping over 70 countries today. |
| 8 | WiseTech Global | Subscribe | Subscribe | 37.7% | Subscribe | CargoWise revenue of more than $290 million were up 35%, driven by Large Global Freight Forwarder (LGFF) rollouts, new customer wins and increased usage from existing customers. |
| 9 | SABRE Corp. | Subscribe | Subscribe | 22.2% | Subscribe | In May 2022, Sabre Corporation acquired Nuvola, a provider of hotel service optimization and guest engagement software to hoteliers worldwide. The transaction includes Nuvola technology and guest enablement software as well as the integration of Nuvola employees to Sabre. |
| 10 | Lufthansa Systems | Subscribe | Subscribe | 3.8% | Subscribe | As a tech company and airline IT provider, Lufthansa Systems is committed to identifying its own environmental footprint and improving that of its more than 350 customers worldwide. Smart, innovative IT solutions contribute to an airline’s environmental efficiency, for example by optimizing flight routes to reduce flight times and fuel consumption or migrating to a paperless flight deck and aircraft cabin. |
| Subtotal | Subscribe | Subscribe | 11.9% | Subscribe | ||
| Other | Subscribe | Subscribe | 13.0% | Subscribe | ||
| Total | 12137 | 13650 | 12.5% | 100% |
Source: Apps Run The World, September 2022
Other Transportation software providers included in the report are: ABB’s Enterprise Software Group, Ansys Inc., ADP, Appcast, Inc, Atlassian, Atos (Including Evidian), Autodesk, AVEVA Group, BluJay Solutions, Box Inc., Ceridian, Circadian, Constellation Software Inc., Cisco Systems, Citrix, Dassault Systemes, Descartes Systems Group, DocuSign, Inc., Dominion Leasing Software, Dropbox, Enghouse Interactive Inc., Epicor, Fiserv, Genesys Telecommunications Laboratories, Giro Inc, Google, Hexagon, Hilan, IBM, IBS Software Services, Indra Sistemas, Infor, Info-Tech Systems Integrators Pte Ltd, Intuit Inc., iptor, Kofax, LeaseAccelerator, LogMeIn, Inc., Manhattan Associates Inc., MercuryGate International, Nakisa, Nice Systems, Omnitracs, Open Text Corporation, Optalert Limited, OverIT – Field Solutions, Paycom, Pegasystems, ProAlpha Business Solutions, PROS Holdings, PTC, RingCentral, Roper Technologies, Inc., Sage, Solera Holdings, ServiceNow, Silverlake Axis, SITA, SPS Commerce, Inc., Trimble, Teradata Corporation, Travelport, Twilio, UKG, Verint Systems Inc., Visma, Verizon Connect, Workday, Yonyou, Zoom Video Communications, and others.
Custom data cuts related to the Transportation Applications market are available:
- Top 1000 Transportation Applications Vendors and Market Forecast 2021-2026
- 2021 Transportation Applications Market By Functional Market (16 Markets)
- 2021 Transportation Applications Market By Country (USA + 45 countries)
- 2021 Transportation Applications Market By Region (Americas, EMEA, APAC)
- 2021 Transportation Applications Market By Revenue Type (License, Services, Hardware, Support and Maintenance, Cloud)
- 2021 Transportation Applications Market By Customer Size (revenue, employee count, asset)
- 2021 Transportation Applications Market By Channel (Direct vs Direct)
- 2021 Transportation Applications Market By Product
Exhibit 4 shows our projections for the enterprise applications market by vertical segment, based on the buying preferences and the customer propensity to invest in new software within those industries as they continue to upgrade and replace many legacy industry-specific applications that have been identified and tracked in our Buyer Insight Database.
Transportation Software Purchases Win/Loss Analysis As Part Of Enterprise Applications Buyer Insight Customer Database
On the buyer side, customers are investing in Transportation systems based on new features and capabilities that are expected to replace their existing legacy systems. In many cases, competitive upgrades and replacements that could have a profound impact on future market-share changes will become more widespread.
Since 2010, our global team of researchers has been studying the patterns of the latest Transportation software purchases by customers around the world, aggregating massive amounts of data points that form the basis of our forecast assumptions and perhaps the rise and fall of certain vendors and their products on a quarterly basis.
Updated continuously, our database features extensive win/loss analysis. Each year our research team identifies tens of thousands of these Transportation customer wins and losses from public and proprietary sources.
The research results are being incorporated into regular updates in our Enterprise Applications Buyer Insight Customer Database. You can access the Quarterly Win/Loss Analysis Scoreboard and our Enterprise Applications Buyer Insight Customer Database by becoming a subscriber.
| Customer | Industry | Empl. | Revenue | Country | Vendor | New Product | Function |
| Almajdouie Logistics Company | Transportation | 5000 | $500.0M | Saudi Arabia | Infor | Infor Supply Chain Execution | Supply Chain Management |
| Metropolitan Transportation Authority | Transportation | 45000 | $21.45B | United States | Infor | Infor d/EPM | Enterprise Performance Management |
| The CSL Group Inc | Transportation | 1000 | $250.0M | Canada | Oracle | Oracle ERP Cloud | Enterprise Resource Planning |
| Associated British Ports | Transportation | 2432 | $550.0M | United Kingdom | SAP | SAP S/4 HANA | Enterprise Resource Planning |
| Associated British Ports | Transportation | 2432 | $550.0M | United Kingdom | SAP | SAP SuccessFactors Employee Central | Human Capital Management |
| Associated British Ports | Transportation | 2432 | $550.0M | United Kingdom | SAP | SAP Cloud for Customer | Customer Relationship Management |
| SEA Group | Transportation | 2900 | $812.0M | Italy | SAP | SAP Marketing Cloud | Marketing Automation |
| Swiss Federal Railways | Transportation | 33000 | $9.25B | Switzerland | SAP | SAP HANA Streaming Analytics | Analytics and BI |
| The Emirates Group | Transportation | 103363 | $27.88B | United Arab Emirates | SAP | SAP Ariba | Source-to-Pay Procurement and Supply Chain Cloud |
| The Emirates Group | Transportation | 103363 | $27.88B | United Arab Emirates | SAP | SAP S/4 HANA | Enterprise Resource Planning |
| Transport for London | Transportation | 23478 | $2.00B | United Kingdom | SAP | SAP S/4 HANA | Enterprise Resource Planning |
| Aberdeen Airport | Transportation | 2500 | $950.0M | United Kingdom | UNIT4 | Unit4 Business World | Enterprise Resource Planning |
| Etihad Airways | Transportation | 19700 | $7.60B | United Arab Emirates | Adobe Systems | Adobe Marketing Cloud (ex Omniture) | Digital Marketing Automation Platform |
| Metra | Transportation | 1000 | $500.0M | United States | Adobe Systems | Adobe Experience Manager | Web Content Management |
| Southwest Airlines | Transportation | 49583 | $19.82B | United States | Adobe Systems | Adobe Marketing Cloud (ex Omniture) | Digital Marketing Automation Platform |
| AeroTurbine | Transportation | 355 | $300.0M | United States | Amber Road | Amber Road’s Export On-Demand | Global Trade Management & Export Management Software |
| Mercury Marine | Transportation | 6200 | $2.30B | United States | Amber Road | Amber Road’s Foreign-Trade Zone | Foreign-Trade Zone Software |
| British Airways | Transportation | 45000 | $15.17B | United Kingdom | Anaplan | Anaplan | Planning and Performance Management Platform |
| Cathay Pacific Airways | Transportation | 32900 | $13.20B | China | Cornerstone OnDemand | Cornerstone HR Suite | Human Resource Management |
| Maersk Group | Transportation | 89000 | $47.57B | Denmark | Cornerstone OnDemand | Cornerstone Learning Suite | Learning Management System |
| American Airlines Cargo | Transportation | 1500 | $760.0M | United States | Descartes Systems | Descartes Global Logistics Network | Logistics Management |
| NSK | Transportation | 3500 | $1.00B | United Kingdom | Descartes Systems | Descartes Transportation Manager | Transportation Management |
| Heathrow Airport | Transportation | 76500 | $3.30B | United Kingdom | EMC | EMC Documentum D2 | Collaboration |
| ESP Group | Transportation | 200 | $25.0M | United Kingdom | Epicor | Epicor ERP | Enterprise Resource Planning |
| Straight Forward | Transportation | 80 | $10.0M | United States | Five9 | Five9 Cloud | Customer Service and Support |
| An Post | Transportation | 10024 | $820.0M | Ireland | FleetMatics | FleetMatics REVEAL Plus | Fleet Management Software |
| KRD Trucking | Transportation | 1000 | $100.0M | United States | FleetMatics | FleetMatics REVEAL Plus | Fleet Management Software |
| TNT Crane & Rigging | Transportation | 1500 | $305.0M | United States | FleetMatics | FleetMatics REVEAL Plus | Fleet Management Software |
| Bosch Service Solutions | Transportation | 5000 | $900.0M | Germany | Genesys | Genesys Customer Experience Platform | Customer Experience Platform |
| Expolanka Holdings | Transportation | 2700 | $833.0M | Sri Lanka | HighJump | HighJump WMS | Warehouse Management Systems |
| Mesa Airlines | Transportation | 2800 | $1.40B | United States | Host Analytics | Host Analytics Cloud EPM Suite | Enterprise Performance Management |
| Lufthansa | Transportation | 120262 | $32.06B | Germany | IBM | IBM Connections Cloud | Email & Social Collaboration Software |
| Allcargo Logistics | Transportation | 8000 | $900.0M | India | Infor | Infor Supply Chain Execution | Supply Chain Management |
| Endries International | Transportation | 600 | $250.0M | United States | Infor | Infor Distribution SX.e | Enterprise Resource Planning |
| Endries International | Transportation | 600 | $250.0M | United States | Infor | Infor Supply Chain Planning | Supply Chain Management |
| Lineage Logistics | Transportation | 3000 | $500.0M | United States | Infor | Infor Supply Chain Execution | Supply Chain Management |
| American Airlines | Transportation | 113300 | $9.50B | United States | Interactive Intelligence | PureCloud | Customer Engagement Platform |
| Etihad Airways | Transportation | 19700 | $7.60B | United Arab Emirates | ION Investment Group | OpenLink Findur | Treasury and Risk Management Solution |
| Massachusetts Bay Transportation Authority | Transportation | 6350 | $2.00B | United States | ION Investment Group | Reval Cloud Platform | Treasury and Risk Management |
| CEVA Logistics | Transportation | 41000 | $6.96B | Netherlands | JDA Software Group | JDA Supply Chain Software | Supply Chain Management |
| Hankyu Hanshin Express France | Transportation | 200 | $30.0M | France | Kewill | Kewill Enterprise Forwarding | Supply Chain Management |
| Lufthansa Cargo | Transportation | 4500 | $8.40B | Germany | Kewill | Kewill MOVE | Transportation Management |
| SIPGLFA Logistics | Transportation | 300 | $50.0M | China | Kewill | Kewill Enterprise Forwarding | Supply Chain Management |
| Royal Mail Plc | Transportation | 160000 | $9.33B | United Kingdom | LiveOps | LiveOps | Cloud Contact Center |
| aCommerce | Transportation | 850 | $1.00B | Thailand | Manhattan Associates | Manhattan SCALE | Warehouse Management System |
| British Airways | Transportation | 45000 | $15.17B | United Kingdom | Microsoft | Microsoft Dynamics CRM | Customer Relationship Management |
| Extra Space Storage | Transportation | 3209 | $800.0M | United States | Microsoft | Microsoft Dynamics GP | Enterprise Resource Planning |
| Fleetgistics | Transportation | 200 | $20.0M | United States | Microsoft | Microsoft Dynamics GP | Enterprise Resource Planning |
| Lily Transportation Corp | Transportation | 800 | $100.0M | United States | Microsoft | Microsoft Dynamics GP | Enterprise Resource Planning |
| McCain Inc | Transportation | 500 | $120.0M | United States | Microsoft | Microsoft Dynamics GP | Enterprise Resource Planning |
| The Dart Network | Transportation | 800 | $500.0M | United States | Microsoft | Microsoft Dynamics GP | Enterprise Resource Planning |
| Air China | Transportation | 50000 | $16.12B | China | Nice Systems | NICE Customer Engagement Analytics | Customer Engagement |
| Norwegian Cruise Line | Transportation | 26500 | $4.35B | United States | Nice Systems | NICE Customer Engagement Analytics | Customer Engagement |
| Alstom | Transportation | 32000 | $6.90B | France | OpenText | OpenText B2B Managed Services | eCommerce |
| BNSF Railway | Transportation | 44000 | $21.40B | United States | OpenText | OpenText Content Suite Platform | Content Management |
| NZ Transport Agency | Transportation | 1450 | $2.80B | New Zealand | OpenText | OpenText Content Suite Platform | Content Management |
| Aeromexico | Transportation | 13745 | $4.00B | Mexico | Oracle | OBIEE | Business Intelligence |
| Air Canada | Transportation | 28000 | $13.80B | Canada | Oracle | Oracle Service Cloud (ex RightNow) | Customer Experience Platform |
| DHL | Transportation | 424351 | $56.63B | Germany | Oracle | Oracle ERP Cloud | Enterprise Resource Planning |
| Standard Forwarding | Transportation | 200 | $50.0M | United States | Oracle | Oracle WebCenter Sites | Web Experience Management Solution |
| The CSL Group Inc | Transportation | 1000 | $250.0M | Canada | Oracle | Oracle HCM Cloud | Human Capital Management |
| CHEP | Transportation | 14400 | $5.50B | Australia | Qlik | QlikView | Business Intelligence |
| Air France | Transportation | 1100 | $300.0M | France | Salesforce | Service Cloud | Customer Service and Support |
| Arriva Group | Transportation | 55000 | $4.84B | United Kingdom | Salesforce | Service Cloud | Customer Service and Support |
| British Airways | Transportation | 45000 | $15.17B | United Kingdom | Salesforce | Salesforce CRM | Customer Relationship Management |
| Delta Air Lines | Transportation | 73430 | $40.70B | United States | Salesforce | Service Cloud | Customer Service and Support |
| DSV A/S | Transportation | 22783 | $7.59B | Denmark | Salesforce | Service Cloud | Customer Service and Support |
| Extra Space Storage | Transportation | 3209 | $800.0M | United States | Salesforce | Service Cloud | Customer Service and Support |
| Miner | Transportation | 550 | $150.0M | United States | Salesforce | Salesforce CRM | Customer Relationship Management |
| Miner | Transportation | 550 | $150.0M | United States | Salesforce | Service Cloud | Customer Service and Support |
| Ryder System | Transportation | 33100 | $6.73B | United States | Salesforce | Service Cloud | Customer Service and Support |
| SATS | Transportation | 7900 | $1.70B | Singapore | Salesforce | Service Cloud | Customer Service and Support |
| Associated British Ports | Transportation | 2432 | $550.0M | United Kingdom | SAP | SAP BusinessObjects | Business Intelligence Software |
| British Airways | Transportation | 45000 | $15.17B | United Kingdom | SAP | SAP S/4 HANA | Enterprise Resource Planning |
| Cargotec | Transportation | 10837 | $3.73B | Finland | SAP | SAP SuccessFactors Talent Solutions | Recruiting, Onboarding, Learning, Performance and Goals, Compensation, Succession and Development |
| Cargotec | Transportation | 10837 | $3.73B | Finland | SAP | SAP SuccessFactors Employee Central | Human Capital Management |
| Gulf Warehousing Company (GWC) | Transportation | 2200 | $265.0M | Qatar | SAP | SAP SuccessFactos Compensation | Compensation Management |
| Gulf Warehousing Company (GWC) | Transportation | 2200 | $265.0M | Qatar | SAP | SAP SuccessFactors Onboarding | Onboarding |
| Gulf Warehousing Company (GWC) | Transportation | 2200 | $265.0M | Qatar | SAP | SAP SuccessFactors Performance & Goals | Performance & Goals Management |
| Gulf Warehousing Company (GWC) | Transportation | 2200 | $265.0M | Qatar | SAP | SAP SuccessFactors Recruiting Management | Recruiting |
| Gulf Warehousing Company (GWC) | Transportation | 2200 | $265.0M | Qatar | SAP | SAP Success Factors LMS | Learning Management System |
| Gulf Warehousing Company (GWC) | Transportation | 2200 | $265.0M | Qatar | SAP | SAP SuccessFactors Succession & Development Solutions | Succession & Development Management |
| Kuehne + Nagel | Transportation | 76000 | $22.40B | United Kingdom | SAP | SAP S/4 HANA | Enterprise Resource Planning |
| Kuehne + Nagel | Transportation | 76000 | $22.40B | United Kingdom | SAP | SAP BusinessObjects | Business Intelligence Software |
| L3 Commercial Training Solutions | Transportation | 300 | $100.0M | United Kingdom | SAP | SAP S/4 HANA | Enterprise Resource Planning |
| L3 Commercial Training Solutions | Transportation | 300 | $100.0M | United Kingdom | SAP | SAP Materials Management | Materials Management |
| Maersk Group | Transportation | 89000 | $47.57B | Denmark | SAP | SAP Cloud for Customer | Customer Relationship Management |
| Modula S.p.A, | Transportation | 300 | $100.0M | Italy | SAP | SAP Marketing Cloud | Marketing Automation |
| Transnet SOC | Transportation | 55000 | $4.30B | South Africa | SAP | SAP Portfolio and Project Management | Project Portfolio Management |
| Konecranes | Transportation | 11900 | $2.13B | Finland | SAS Institute | SAS Analytics for IoT | Analytics Platform |
| Jet Aviation | Transportation | 4500 | $1.20B | Switzerland | Siemens PLM Software | Siemens Teamcenter | Product Lifecycle Management |
| British Airways | Transportation | 45000 | $15.17B | United Kingdom | Tableau | Tableau Software | Business Intelligence and Analytics |
| Lufthansa | Transportation | 120262 | $32.06B | Germany | Tableau | Tableau Software | Business Intelligence and Analytics |
| Air France | Transportation | 1100 | $300.0M | France | Tidemark | Tidemark EPM | Enterprise Performance Management |
| Horizon Lines | Transportation | 2000 | $800.0M | United States | Ultimate Software | UltiPro | Human Capital Management |
| Finnair | Transportation | 6179 | $3.00B | Finland | Workday | Workday HCM | Human Capital Management |
| J.B. Hunt Transport Services | Transportation | 19324 | $10.00B | United States | Workday | Workday HCM | Human Capital Management |
| J.B. Hunt Transport Services | Transportation | 19324 | $10.00B | United States | Workday | Workday Financial Management | Financial Management |
| Metropolitan Washington Airports Authority | Transportation | 1300 | $156.0M | United States | Workday | Workday Financial Management | Financial Management |
| Republic Airways Holdings | Transportation | 6000 | $1.35B | United States | Workiva | Wdesk | Enterprise Performance Management |
Source: Apps Run The World, September 2022
Further Readings
An expanded version of this report covers the top 1000+ Transportation Software Vendors, offering in-depth analysis of the market dynamics, vendors’ Strengths, Customers, Opportunities, Risks and Ecosystems as well as their ability to gain Shares (SCORES) within their respective space. We also offer win-loss analysis of the quarterly wins of these top vendors and whether incumbents and upstarts pose any real threat to their standing amid shifting market requirements and user preferences.
More Enterprise Applications Research Findings
Based on the latest annual survey of 3,000+ enterprise software vendors, Apps Run The World is releasing a number of dedicated reports, which profile the world’s 500 largest Enterprise Applications Vendors (Apps Top 500) and the world’s 500 largest Cloud Applications Vendors (Cloud Top 500) ranked by their 2015-2021 product revenues.
Their 2021 results are being broken down, sorted and ranked across 16 functional areas (from Analytics to Treasury and Risk Management) and by 21 vertical industries(from Aerospace to Utility), as shown in our Taxonomy. Further breakdowns by subvertical, country, company size, etc. are available as custom data cuts per special request.
Research Methodology
Each year our global team of researchers conduct an annual survey of thousands of enterprise software vendors by contacting them directly on their latest quarterly and annual revenues by country, functional area, and vertical market. We supplement their written responses with our own primary research to determine quarterly and yearly growth rates, In addition to customer wins to ascertain whether these are net new purchases or expansions of existing implementations.
Another dimension of our proactive research process is through continuous improvement of our customer database, which stores more than one million records on the enterprise software landscape of over 100,000 organizations around the world.
The database provides customer insight and contextual information on what types of enterprise software systems and other relevant technologies are they running and their propensity to invest further with their current or new suppliers as part of their overall IT transformation projects to stay competitive, fend off threats from disruptive forces, or comply with internal mandates to improve overall enterprise efficiency.
The result is a combination of supply-side data and demand-generation customer insight that allows our clients to better position themselves in anticipation of the next wave that will reshape the enterprise software marketplace for years to come.
